The evolution of the European Union's electoral process: Analyzing its impact on supranational democracy

Abstract

This article examines the evolution of the European Union's electoral system and its impact on the democratic legitimacy of its institutions. The objective of the study is to analyze how electoral reforms have sought to balance the representation of Member States and strengthen democratic cohesion at the supranational level. The central hypothesis posits that, despite normative advances, tensions persist between Member States' autonomy and the need for harmonization, which affects the perception of democratic legitimacy. The study uses a theoretical-normative approach, based on the analysis of fundamental treaties, key directives, and the historical evolution of electoral law in the EU. Additionally, the challenges stemming from the implementation of these normative frameworks in the Member States are reviewed. The results indicate that, although progress has been made in principles such as degressive proportionality, the diversity of electoral systems remains an obstacle to harmonization, and low citizen participation continues to affect the perception of democratic legitimacy. The final considerations conclude that it is necessary to promote greater electoral participation and advance in the harmonization of practices among Member States to strengthen democratic legitimacy within the European Union.